Which of the following is NOT typically listed as a challenge of CCS?

• A. High cost.
• B. Energy penalty.
• C. Leakage risk.
• D. Public acceptance.

Answer: (D)

The main idea here is about what kinds of hurdles are considered challenges for CCS in practical, technical terms. The core obstacles that are most often discussed are the high cost of capturing and compressing CO2, the energy penalty that reduces overall plant efficiency because power is used to run the capture process, and the leakage risk from storage sites or during transport. These are direct, engineering and economic barriers tied to how CCS actually operates.

Public acceptance fits more into social, political, and regulatory aspects rather than the technology’s inner workings. It matters for whether projects get approved and funded, but it isn’t a technical or engineering limitation of CCS itself. So, it isn’t typically listed as a CCS challenge in the same way as cost, energy penalty, or leakage risk.