What does net zero mean and how can countries achieve it?

• A. Net zero means no emissions from any sector.
• B. Net zero means all emissions are offset by natural processes only.
• C. Net zero means balancing remaining anthropogenic emissions with removals; achieved via emission reductions, decarbonization, CCS/CCU, and nature-based removals.
• D. Net zero means emissions increase is allowed if GDP grows.

Answer: (C)

Net zero means that the total amount of greenhouse gases added to the atmosphere by human activities is balanced by an equivalent amount being removed, so the net effect is zero over a set period. It doesn’t require eliminating every emission in every sector; instead, any remaining emissions are offset by removals. Countries reach this by a mix of actions: cutting and decarbonizing energy and industry (switching to renewables, electrification, efficiency, low-carbon fuels), and using technologies like carbon capture and storage or utilization to remove CO2 that’s emitted. They also enhance nature-based removals—forests, soils, and other ecosystems that store carbon. For removals to count, they must be real, verifiable, and durable. This combined approach—emission reductions plus removals—is what makes net zero achievable.